Internet activism, hacktivism is the use of computer-based techniques such as hacking as a form of civil disobedience to promote a political agenda or social change. Hacktivism can involve cybercrimes when it includes illegal activities, such as hacking, data breaches, or distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. However, not all hacktivism is inherently criminal, as some actions are aimed at peaceful online activism and raising awareness.

Internet activism, hacktivism is the use of computer-based techniques such as hacking as a form of civil disobedience to promote a political agenda or social change. Hacktivism can involve cybercrimes when it includes illegal activities, such as hacking, data breaches, or distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. However, not all hacktivism is inherently criminal, as some actions are aimed at peaceful online activism and raising awareness.

Internet activism, hacktivism is the use of computer-based techniques such as hacking as a form of civil disobedience to promote a political agenda or social change. Hacktivism can involve cybercrimes when it includes illegal activities, such as hacking, data breaches, or distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. However, not all hacktivism is inherently criminal, as some actions are aimed at peaceful online activism and raising awareness.

In 2004, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia joined the European Union (EU), followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, and Croatia in 2013. For the purposes of this debate, the above countries are 'the Eastern bloc'. Serbia, Bosnia, and Northern Macedonia, along with other countries, are not currently part of the EU, but are aspiring to join the EU.

The institutionalization of art includes but is not limited to the emphasis on formal art training in standardized curricula, the recognition of art through its placement in formal institutions (e.g. museums, galleries), and the requirement of academic credentials (e.g. university degrees in art).

Hyper-specialization refers to the increasing specialization of higher education studies. This includes, but is not limited to, the creation of more graduate school programs, the emphasis on declaring major courses early on in undergraduate studies, and a focus on specialized research output on particular fields